The complete taxonomy of peptide science — from dipeptides to exosomes, from lab testing methods to delivery systems.
Short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, typically 2–50 residues.
The smallest peptides — just two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond.
Three amino acids linked together. Many bioregulators fall into this category.
Four amino acids in a chain. Includes important regulatory peptides.
Five amino acids long. Found in many signaling molecules.
Short peptides of 2–20 amino acids with diverse biological roles.
Longer chains of 20–50+ amino acids, bridging peptides and proteins.
Short peptides (2–4 amino acids) that regulate gene expression in specific tissues.
Peptides that act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the nervous system.
Peptides encoded by mitochondrial DNA that protect cellular energy production.
Peptides that form part of the innate immune response against pathogens.
Short sequences that direct proteins to their correct cellular location.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs studied for metabolic research.
Signaling molecules that stimulate cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation.
Small signaling proteins that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation.
Tiny extracellular vesicles that carry proteins, RNA, and lipids between cells.
The biology of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and its role in cellular energy.
Lipid-based delivery systems that encapsulate peptides for improved absorption.
Under-the-tongue administration allowing absorption through oral mucosa.
How peptides maintain their structure and function under different conditions.
Freeze-drying process that preserves peptide integrity for long-term storage.
High-performance liquid chromatography used to verify peptide purity.
Analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of molecules.
Certificates of Analysis — documents that verify the identity and purity of peptides.